
i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
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i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
where do i start ?


- doogly
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Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
start by multiplying polynomials
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Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Well, what do you know now? Lacking that basic information would cause me to suggest the first grade.monkey3 wrote:where do i start ?
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation

can i work like this all the time ? is it always possible this way ?

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Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
It might be. Let's find out. What happens using that method on...say, x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 1? That seems like a perfectly good polynomial.
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Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
It also helps to practice polynomial long division. Like, what is 2x^3 + 3x^2 - x - 2 / x - 4 ?
LE4dGOLEM: What's a Doug?
Noc: A larval Doogly. They grow the tail and stinger upon reaching adulthood.
Keep waggling your butt brows Brothers.
Or; Is that your eye butthairs?
Noc: A larval Doogly. They grow the tail and stinger upon reaching adulthood.
Keep waggling your butt brows Brothers.
Or; Is that your eye butthairs?
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
doogly wrote:It also helps to practice polynomial long division. Like, what is 2x^3 + 3x^2 - x - 2 / x - 4 ?
That would be 2x^3 + 3x^2 - x - 2x^(-1) - 4
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
I'm not sure if you're being deliberately unhelpful, deliberately obtuse, or you just missed the entire point.
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Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
For a second degree polynomial, assuming that it can be factored normally at all, the answer is yes. For higher degree polynomials using that technique you can get the first term. You can then use polynomial division to find the second term. That is, divide the original polynomial by the first factor.monkey3 wrote:can i work like this all the time ? is it always possible this way ?
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Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Zohar wrote:I'm not sure if you're being deliberately unhelpful, deliberately obtuse, or you just missed the entire point.
It's unlikely we're limiting ourselves to one option here.
LE4dGOLEM: What's a Doug?
Noc: A larval Doogly. They grow the tail and stinger upon reaching adulthood.
Keep waggling your butt brows Brothers.
Or; Is that your eye butthairs?
Noc: A larval Doogly. They grow the tail and stinger upon reaching adulthood.
Keep waggling your butt brows Brothers.
Or; Is that your eye butthairs?
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
The key to solving most problems is to start with the answer.
That's not just a quip; there's something to it. Usually you will know the form of the answer - what it's supposed to "look like"; it's just the specifics that you're trying to find. So, take the "form of the answer" and try to derive the question. Then look at where the parts went - that's where they come from.
Suppose for example you want to factor x2 -x + 20. You know the answer (if there is one) will be of the form
(x+a)(x+b) - that's what factoring means. So... given this answer, what if we went backwards? Multiply them together and you get:
x2 + (a+b)x + ab.
Well, that looks a lot like the original problem.... where (a+b) is -1, and ab is 20. You've reduced the problem to a different (related) puzzle.
ab=20, so for integers a and b, the possibilites are: (1, 20), (-1, -20), (2, 10) ... (the rest left to the reader)
Of those (small number of possibilities) only one will have the two factors add up to -1.
So... multiplying polynomials (and paying attention to what happens) gives you the keys to factoring them.
The same principle applies when the coefficient of x2 is not one (and can't be factored out)
With 2x2 -2 + 40 you can factor out a 2 and get the original problem, but with
2x2 +3x + 20 you cannot. You'll need to go to the more general form of the answer, which is:
(cx+a)(dx+b)
Do the same trick - multiply this polynomial to see what the "form of the question" would be... and then go from there.
Not all polynomials have integer solutions. However, with some thought you can probably come up with a formula that leads to the general solution by using the insight you've gleaned here multiplying them together. That's the quadratic formula.
For higher order polynomials the idea is the same, just more involved. Look for something you can factor out first, and that leaves you with something you already know. And in some cases they are "simple ones in disguise" (such as
x4 - x2 + 20
which is just a quadratic but in x2, not in x.
Jose
That's not just a quip; there's something to it. Usually you will know the form of the answer - what it's supposed to "look like"; it's just the specifics that you're trying to find. So, take the "form of the answer" and try to derive the question. Then look at where the parts went - that's where they come from.
Suppose for example you want to factor x2 -x + 20. You know the answer (if there is one) will be of the form
(x+a)(x+b) - that's what factoring means. So... given this answer, what if we went backwards? Multiply them together and you get:
x2 + (a+b)x + ab.
Well, that looks a lot like the original problem.... where (a+b) is -1, and ab is 20. You've reduced the problem to a different (related) puzzle.
ab=20, so for integers a and b, the possibilites are: (1, 20), (-1, -20), (2, 10) ... (the rest left to the reader)
Of those (small number of possibilities) only one will have the two factors add up to -1.
So... multiplying polynomials (and paying attention to what happens) gives you the keys to factoring them.
The same principle applies when the coefficient of x2 is not one (and can't be factored out)
With 2x2 -2 + 40 you can factor out a 2 and get the original problem, but with
2x2 +3x + 20 you cannot. You'll need to go to the more general form of the answer, which is:
(cx+a)(dx+b)
Do the same trick - multiply this polynomial to see what the "form of the question" would be... and then go from there.
Not all polynomials have integer solutions. However, with some thought you can probably come up with a formula that leads to the general solution by using the insight you've gleaned here multiplying them together. That's the quadratic formula.
For higher order polynomials the idea is the same, just more involved. Look for something you can factor out first, and that leaves you with something you already know. And in some cases they are "simple ones in disguise" (such as
x4 - x2 + 20
which is just a quadratic but in x2, not in x.
Jose
Order of the Sillies, Honoris Causam - bestowed by charlie_grumbles on NP 859 * OTTscar winner: Wordsmith - bestowed by yappobiscuts and the OTT on NP 1832 * Ecclesiastical Calendar of the Order of the Holy Contradiction * Please help addams if you can. She needs all of us.
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
thanks , it was a process like that , which i don't remember properly right now
is it about the first number and the third number ?
or
is it about the second number and the third number ?

is it about the first number and the third number ?
or
is it about the second number and the third number ?

Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Try it and see. in the end, it's about all the numbers. The simple cases have a coefficient of 1 for the x2 term (or can get there by factoring a constant out of the whole shebang), the less simple ones don't.monkey3 wrote:is it about the first number and the third number ?
or
is it about the second number and the third number ?
In the simple case, (x+a)(x+b) will have a coefficient of 1 in the x2 term, because (well, multiply it out.

Spoiler:
Jose
Order of the Sillies, Honoris Causam - bestowed by charlie_grumbles on NP 859 * OTTscar winner: Wordsmith - bestowed by yappobiscuts and the OTT on NP 1832 * Ecclesiastical Calendar of the Order of the Holy Contradiction * Please help addams if you can. She needs all of us.
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Thanks a lot ucim ,
The whole process of splitting up numbers like this is called factoring or factorization ?
I am a bit confused about the terms .
I have been looking up stuffs from arithmetic itself .
So i am relearning terms like , whole numbers , natural numbers , integers , rational numbers , irrational numbers .
factors ( reducible), prime factors (irreducible), greatest common factor , least common multiple
Monomial , binomial , trinomial , polynomial
simplify , factoring (factorization ) ?

The whole process of splitting up numbers like this is called factoring or factorization ?
I am a bit confused about the terms .
I have been looking up stuffs from arithmetic itself .
So i am relearning terms like , whole numbers , natural numbers , integers , rational numbers , irrational numbers .
factors ( reducible), prime factors (irreducible), greatest common factor , least common multiple
Monomial , binomial , trinomial , polynomial
simplify , factoring (factorization ) ?

Last edited by monkey3 on Sun Apr 23, 2017 3:26 am UTC, edited 1 time in total.
- doogly
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Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
It's really good stuff.
LE4dGOLEM: What's a Doug?
Noc: A larval Doogly. They grow the tail and stinger upon reaching adulthood.
Keep waggling your butt brows Brothers.
Or; Is that your eye butthairs?
Noc: A larval Doogly. They grow the tail and stinger upon reaching adulthood.
Keep waggling your butt brows Brothers.
Or; Is that your eye butthairs?
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Yes. Factors are "things that are multplied together", Terms are "things that are added together. So you are taking a polynomial and breaking it into factors. One of the neat things about this is that if even one of those factors is zero, the whole shebang is zero. So, any value of x that makes one of the (newly found) factors zero, is called a root of the polynomial. It's a place where the graph crosses the x axis - i.e. where y, the value of the polynomial, equals zero.monkey3 wrote:The whole process of splitting up numbers like this is called factoring or factorization ?
If you get y=(x+4)(x-3) as your factorization, then -4 and +3 are the roots.
For an ordinary order-2 polynomial (highest term is ax2 ) it forms a parabola, which is symmetric. So, halfway between the two roots will be the axis of symmetry. Set x equal to that value and solve for y, that (x,y) coordinate is the vertex. A little more fiddling and you can find the focus and directrix. And with that, you've fully described the parabola and can do tricks with it.
Integers (or whole numbers) are the set { ... -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...}
Rational numbers (from "ratio") are numbers that are equal to an integer divided by another integer. 4/3, -6/13, 3/1 stuff like that. They include the integers. (why?)
Irrational numbers are real numbers that are not rational. Things like pi and the square root of 2 - they cannot be expressed as an integer over an integer.
Transcendental numbers are irrational numbers that are not the roots of any (finite) polynomial.
Real numbers are the numbers you're used to; they include the rational and irrational numbers, and correspond to points on a line. But then some jackass insisted on the answer for "what is the square root of (-1)?", and none of the real numbers would work, so he invented an answer and called it i. This was initially quite unpopular, and these numbers were derisively called "imaginary" numbers, as opposed to what they now had to call "real" numbers (which used to be just called "numbers").
Spoiler:
I'll leave the definition of natural numbers to the religious wars section.
{something}nomial is an expression in {some variable, I'll use x} which is a series of terms, each of which is a different (integer) power of x. The highest order term is the one with the biggest exponent, and that defines the {something} in the name. (Cue a religious war as to whether x4 should be called a monomial (one term!) or a fourth order polynomial (highest term is of order 4)).
Simplify means to massage the expression until it is more useful to whoever needs it. After work, I need to be simplified. What constitutes "simpler" sometimes depends on the use to which it will be put. For now, it means whatever the teacher wants it to mean.

Hope that helps. Often you can get good ideas about what a word means by simply throwing it into your favorite search engine (I use duckduckgo.com because it doesn't track me), and avoiding the wikipedia entries, which for math stuff can sometimes be incomprehensible if you don't already know most of the answer.
Jose
Order of the Sillies, Honoris Causam - bestowed by charlie_grumbles on NP 859 * OTTscar winner: Wordsmith - bestowed by yappobiscuts and the OTT on NP 1832 * Ecclesiastical Calendar of the Order of the Holy Contradiction * Please help addams if you can. She needs all of us.
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Thanks a lot for all that explanation .
So the main thing i should focus on is to learn to how to split into factors ? which is also called factorization ...
Anyway i downloaded two books from the internet .
Algebra 1 for dummies
Practical Algebra: A Self-Teaching Guide
I will try to go through those two books and will come back and post if i have more doubts
So the main thing i should focus on is to learn to how to split into factors ? which is also called factorization ...
Anyway i downloaded two books from the internet .
Algebra 1 for dummies
Practical Algebra: A Self-Teaching Guide
I will try to go through those two books and will come back and post if i have more doubts

Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
just a bit of an update and some small doubts , please help
i found this really awesome website when i searching for some terms
http://www.mathhands.com/
things i was able to narrow down ,
whole numbers , natural numbers , integers , rational numbers , irrational numbers .
factors ( reducible), prime factors (irreducible), greatest common factor (same as greatest common divisor ?), least common multiple
Monomial , binomial , trinomial , polynomial
simplify , factoring (factorization ) ?
’To factor’ means to break up into multiples.
i found this really awesome website when i searching for some terms
http://www.mathhands.com/
things i was able to narrow down ,
whole numbers , natural numbers , integers , rational numbers , irrational numbers .
factors ( reducible), prime factors (irreducible), greatest common factor (same as greatest common divisor ?), least common multiple
Monomial , binomial , trinomial , polynomial
simplify , factoring (factorization ) ?
’To factor’ means to break up into multiples.
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
The list that follows... that is of things you now understand, or things that you still don't get?monkey3 wrote:things i was able to narrow down ,
Yes, essentially. In the case of integers, it is to break it into other integers that multiply out to the given number (12 factors into 4x3 or 2x2x3). In the case of polynomials, it is to break it into lower order polynomials that multiply out to the given one (examples upthread).monkey3 wrote:’To factor’ means to break up into multiples.
Yes. They are the same. They are primarily useful in saving steps when reducing, although sometimes it's easier to just use the greatest obvious divisor repeatedly. (between 24 and 36, 12 is the greatest common divisor (24 is 2x12 and 36 is 3x12), but if you don't see that right away but recognize that 6 goes into both, you can divide by six to find that 24=4x6 and 36=6x6. From there, you'd recognize that 4 and 6 have a common divisor of 2... so now you have 24=2x2x6 and 36 is 3x2x6; the 2x6, or 12, is your greatest common divisor.monkey3 wrote:greatest common factor (same as greatest common divisor ?)
It's related to the least common multiple, which just goes the other way. A common multiple is a target. Given 24 and 36, you can multiply each by (a different) {something} to get the same answer, or "target" number. The obvious case is to multiply each by the other; in both cases you end up with (pulls out calculator) 864. This is useful if you are adding (say)
5/24 + 7/36.
Convert them all to eight-hundred-sixty-fourths, and then you can add them. But this leaves you with unnecessarily big numbers and a lot of extra arithmetic to work out (it's not obvious that 348/864 is the same as {an exercise to the reader}).
But, if you can find a smaller target number (or even better, the smallest) target number, you will save yourself a lot of that extra work.
24x3 is the same as 36x2. Both are 72. That's a much better target, and the least common multiple is the best target. In this case, this is as good as it gets. Now, adding
5/24 + 7/36
is easier, because you have much smaller numbers to work with. Convert them both to seventy-seconds, and you should end up with 29/72, the arithmetic for which you can probably do in your head (3x5, remember it, 2x7, add them up).
The trick to getting the best target number (least common multiple, or LCM) is to re-use factors. Lining them up:
24 = 3 x 2 x 2 x 2
36 = 3 x 3 x 2 x 2
The ideal target (LCM) will have the fewest possible factors that include all the factors needed for each number. So, the bold numbers are already in each one, all we need is to ensure we have all the blue numbers also.
72 = 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 2
Mission accomplished.
You don't actually have to split it into prime factors to figure it out; I did so for illustration. If you recognize that
24 = 12 x 2
36 = 12 x 3
you're pretty much there.
72 = 12 x 3 x 2
Note that to get to the target, you multiply by the other missing number:
72 = 24 x 3
72 = 36 x 2
And lookie lookie! The 12 that we are "reusing" is the greatest common divisor!
Jose
Order of the Sillies, Honoris Causam - bestowed by charlie_grumbles on NP 859 * OTTscar winner: Wordsmith - bestowed by yappobiscuts and the OTT on NP 1832 * Ecclesiastical Calendar of the Order of the Holy Contradiction * Please help addams if you can. She needs all of us.
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Thanks a lot for that big explanation ...
anyway i have narrowed it down to few things , with the help of this website and tutorials in it http://www.mathhands.com/ when trying to factor polynomials
i thought i would share it here ...
Factoring Polynomials
’To factor’ means to break up into multiples.
Factor by Distributive law method

Factor by grouping

Factor by Splitting

Factor by Very Famous Polynomials



i am happy that i could organize it at least this much .
is that all the methods out there ?
anyway i have narrowed it down to few things , with the help of this website and tutorials in it http://www.mathhands.com/ when trying to factor polynomials
i thought i would share it here ...
Factoring Polynomials
’To factor’ means to break up into multiples.
Factor by Distributive law method

Factor by grouping

Factor by Splitting

Factor by Very Famous Polynomials



i am happy that i could organize it at least this much .
is that all the methods out there ?
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Oh, I doubt it, but those are the big ones. Many are special cases; there are as many special cases as there are cats - that is, more than you can skin in a lifetime. But most of those cases aren't all that special and will still succumb to a more general method.monkey3 wrote:is that all the methods out there ?
(Note: the key to factoring by grouping is to recognize the useful groups in any given expression. It takes some fiddling sometimes. Given examples are always so neat... real world is less so.

(x+3y)n). Another exercise for the reader.

The thing is to understand them... and to do that, multiply them back again, watching where all the pieces end up. You should get an "aha!" moment - "that's why this special case works out so neatly!" And that will be your key for figuring out how to understand all the other stuff that will come up in math, and in lots of other places.
Not all polynomials will factor nicely. For the second order ones that don't, there is the quadratic formula. See if you can derive it, using the following hints:
1: All (second order) polynomials form a parabola; those with real roots cross the x axis (y=0). That's where the roots are.
2: There's a midpoint between the two roots. Call it M. Each root will therefore either be M+k or M-k for some k (which is the distance from the midpoint). So, you already know the answer!
The roots of ax2 + bx + c are (M+k) and (M-k). This means that (for some M and k), the polynomial factors into:
(x-(M+k)) (x-(M-k))
In other words,
ax2 + bx + c = (x-(M+k)) (x-(M-k))
Now, multiply out the right side... and compare it to the left side. See if you can figure out what M and k would have to be, in terms of a, b, and c. It's a little complex and involves square roots and fractions, but don't worry. It's there. And, it works for all second order polynomials, including the ones that factor nicely. (In those cases, the messy stuff simplifies nicely once you put the numbers in).
(hint - try it first for the special case where a=1. Then generalize it.)
Jose
Order of the Sillies, Honoris Causam - bestowed by charlie_grumbles on NP 859 * OTTscar winner: Wordsmith - bestowed by yappobiscuts and the OTT on NP 1832 * Ecclesiastical Calendar of the Order of the Holy Contradiction * Please help addams if you can. She needs all of us.
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Thanks a lot again ucim ,
That doesn't look exactly that easy . Maybe i should stay with the simpler ones and practice on more questions somehow ...
anyway , if i have more doubts i would come back and post more
That doesn't look exactly that easy . Maybe i should stay with the simpler ones and practice on more questions somehow ...
anyway , if i have more doubts i would come back and post more
- Eebster the Great
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Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
The other method for deriving the quadratic formula is by completing the square. One of the Pascal Polynomials you listed is (x+y)2 = x2+2xy+y2. It's really nice when your polynomial is a square, because then you can just take the square root and get x+y. For instance, if I have (2x+4)2 = 4, then I can take the square root of both sides to find that 2x+4 = 2. Solving for x, I find that x = -1.
The problem is that most polynomials are not perfect squares. However, you can always add a number to a polynomial to make it a square. All you have to do is look at the Pascal Polynomial above and make your polynomial fit that pattern. For instance, x2+4x-5 doesn't quite fit the pattern, but x2+4x+4 does. You can check and see that (x+2)2 = x2+4x+4.
How can I use this fact to find the roots of x2+4x-5? Well, first I know that a "root" is a value of x that makes the polynomial equal zero, so I write that equation down:
x2+4x-5 = 0
Then I add 9 to both sides so I get my Pascal Polynomial:
x2+4x+4 = 9
Now I can use the rule I learned to factor the left side into a square:
(x+2)2 = 9
If I take the square root of both sides, I am almost there:
x+2 = 3
And finally, I subtract 2 from both sides to find that x = 1.
But hold on, shouldn't there be two roots? I only found one! The mistake I made was to assume that because (x+2)2 = 9, that means x+2 must equal 3. In fact, there are two numbers whose squares equal 9: 32 = 9, but (-3)2 is also equal to 9. So really, I should have said that either x+2 = 3 or x+2 = -3 (we write this as x+2 = ±3). That means that either x = 1 or x = -5.
Of course, in this example, I used a polynomial which can be easily factored anyway into (x-1)(x+5), but this method of completing the squares will work for any quadratic polynomial, even if it doesn't factor. You just usually won't get integer roots (they will usually be irrational).
As a final note, if your polynomial does not start with x2 but has some coefficient like 2x2 or πx2 or whatever, just divide the whole equation by that coefficient first.
If you want to use this to derive the quadratic formula, instead of using numbers as coefficient, use the letters a, b, and c. Therefore, you start with the equation ax2+bx+c = 0 and work from there.
The problem is that most polynomials are not perfect squares. However, you can always add a number to a polynomial to make it a square. All you have to do is look at the Pascal Polynomial above and make your polynomial fit that pattern. For instance, x2+4x-5 doesn't quite fit the pattern, but x2+4x+4 does. You can check and see that (x+2)2 = x2+4x+4.
How can I use this fact to find the roots of x2+4x-5? Well, first I know that a "root" is a value of x that makes the polynomial equal zero, so I write that equation down:
x2+4x-5 = 0
Then I add 9 to both sides so I get my Pascal Polynomial:
x2+4x+4 = 9
Now I can use the rule I learned to factor the left side into a square:
(x+2)2 = 9
If I take the square root of both sides, I am almost there:
x+2 = 3
And finally, I subtract 2 from both sides to find that x = 1.
But hold on, shouldn't there be two roots? I only found one! The mistake I made was to assume that because (x+2)2 = 9, that means x+2 must equal 3. In fact, there are two numbers whose squares equal 9: 32 = 9, but (-3)2 is also equal to 9. So really, I should have said that either x+2 = 3 or x+2 = -3 (we write this as x+2 = ±3). That means that either x = 1 or x = -5.
Of course, in this example, I used a polynomial which can be easily factored anyway into (x-1)(x+5), but this method of completing the squares will work for any quadratic polynomial, even if it doesn't factor. You just usually won't get integer roots (they will usually be irrational).
As a final note, if your polynomial does not start with x2 but has some coefficient like 2x2 or πx2 or whatever, just divide the whole equation by that coefficient first.
If you want to use this to derive the quadratic formula, instead of using numbers as coefficient, use the letters a, b, and c. Therefore, you start with the equation ax2+bx+c = 0 and work from there.
Re: i want to learn factoring polynomial equation
Thanks a lot Eebster the Great ,
Every point helps me in understanding the factorization methods
Every point helps me in understanding the factorization methods
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